The “Bodyworlds” exhibit, featuring “plastinated” cadavers posed in lifelike ways, has made its way to the Madatech National Museum of Science, Technology and Space in Haifa, Israel.
The exhibit has proven popular with viewers (over 26 million of them) with its revolutionary tissue preservation method, and tens of thousands of people have agreed to donate their bodies (after death) to become part of future exhibits.
I remember when the exhibit stopped in Boston and took up residence at the Museum of Science. The Cap’n and I discussed whether or not to go. We weighed the issues, including our level of interest, the ethical issues of corpses posing for the viewer rather than reposing in the dirt, as well as the scientific merit of the exhibit. In the end, we decided not to go. We believed (and still do) that there is little science to be gleaned from this exhibit (plastic models or pictures would do us just as well), and that despite the informed consent of the donors, the exhibit is still a violation of the dignity of the human body. It is our impression that the main reason most people go to this exhibit is to see, well, dead people. (No Sixth Sense necessary.)
It seems the chief rabbi of Haifa agrees with us. But rather than setting up a demonstration outside the museum or throwing rocks or any of the other nonsense we’ve come to expect from some of the more extreme religious population sectors in Israel, Rabbi She’ar-Yashuv Cohen says, “It’s inside the museum, where they can do what they want, so I don’t think it’s fitting to stage protests. But my recommendation is for people to stay away from the exhibit,” he said. He cites kavod adam (respect for the body) as a reason not to view the exhibit, and says Jews should not discriminate between Jewish and non-Jewish bodies (or in this case, cadavers) when applying this ethic. (Most, if not all, of the donors to this exhibit were non-Jews.)
While the Madatech’s spokesman, Dr. Tzvi Ben-Yishai, said that the museum had consulted with rabbis before deciding to host the exhibit, and had been advised of the halachah of prompt burial of corpses and kavod adam, he states that “in the end, we think if the rest of the world has had the opportunity to see the exhibit, then Israel should as well. We don’t need permission from the religious establishment. They can only protest.”
The Cap’n and I would not have gone to see this exhibit, regardless of the reaction of the religious establishment. But the restraint shown by Rabbi Cohen, his acknowledgment of people’s right to choose for themselves whether or not to see the exhibit, and his deference to halachah and dignity for all human beings as the reason to avoid the exhibit—these all seem to me far superior reasons to pass on the exhibit than Ben-Yishai’s “everyone else has seen it—why not us?”
That, and the fact that I find it a bit freaky that a German scientist is carving up humans in a pseudo-scientific way for entertainment. I’m sure one can list dozens of ways in which Gunter von Hagens differs from Josef Mengele, but I’m having trouble getting past the similarities. Perhaps it’s just me, but I find it all rather disturbing.
I thought this whole thing got started with some Chinese prisoners whose demise and consent was somewhat, shall we say, questionable.
I couldn’t agree more.
At the risk of sounding like a parrot, I wholeheartedly agree. The fact that something can be done does not mean it should be, and it seems completely disrespectful to me to make art out of the plastified remains of people acquired through, as Heather noted, possibly nefarious means from possibly dubious sources. There are plenty of other ways to be enamored with human biology than gloating over some artist’s chop job.
Heather: Eeeeewwwwww. I rest my case.
Ilana-Davita and Yair: Thanks. As rational persons, I thought you might.
I’ll have to ponder this particular case longer…in the meantime, I have some other thoughts:
Regarding Jews and gentiles being equal here: When asked about using cadavers for medical science by medical students, doing autopsies for studies, etc., Rav Kook and Rabbi Benzion Uziel (the Sefardi Chief Rabbi alongside Rav Kook) gave two diametrically opposite answers:
Rav Kook said that nivul here only applies to Jewish bodies, and so we should just use non-Jewish bodies.
Rav Uziel said, first off, that Jews and non-Jews here are equal; if one is prohibited, so is the other. With that out of the way, he said that if the doctors will treat the bodies respectfully in their studies, and moreover, since this is pikuah nefesh, it is permitted with any bodies, Jewish or not.
I might note that with regards to women’s suffrage, Rav Kook was opposed, and Rav Uziel in favor. Rav Kook I greatly admire, but I don’t have to agree with him in any area. As for Rav Uziel (and his student Rav Hayim David Halevi, and their mutual follower, Rabbi Dr. Marc D. Angel), I haven’t yet found anything I want to disagree with him on.
It is also worth noting that Rabbi Uziel ruled in favor of abortions in cases of rape and other shame to the women. He said women cannot just stam get abortions, but in cases of disgrace to their dignity, they may get abortions:
“It is clear that abortion is not permitted without reason. That would be destructive and frustrative of of the possibility of life. But for a reason, even it is a slim reason (ta’am kalush), such as to prevent the pregnant woman’s nivul [disgrace, as in the case of the pregnant woman who is to be executed], then we have precedent and authority to permit it.” – Rabbi Ben Zion Uziel, Responsa Mishp’tei Uziel, Vol. III Hoshen Mishpat, No. 46.
This is based on a sugya in the Gemara that says that a pregnant women on death row, we execute her without waiting for her to give birth, since making her wait would be disgraceful to her, and after all, the halacha says an embryo or fetus is not really a human yet.
By contrast, as shown by Rabbi Alan Yuter at http://www.jewishideas.org/articles/abortion-rhetoric-within-orthodox-judaism-consensus, other Orthodox authorities have focused solely on the obligation to perform an abortion for pikuah nefesh, and inferred that this is the only case that abortion is permitted. Rabbi Yuter notes they ignore that this is an obligation for pikuah nefesh, but this doesn’t imply a prohibition every other time (does a mitzvah to eat matzah on seder night mean a prohibition to eat matzah the rest of the year?). They also completely ignore the sugya about aborting the child of a woman on death row, due to her disgrace.
I reply to Rabbi Yuter’s article at http://michaelmakovi.blogspot.com/2009/03/abortion-rhetoric-within-orthodox.html
Michael: At some point I’ll be interested in your thoughts about the Bodyworlds exhibit. In the meantime, thanks for the free shiur on women and abortion. What was the reason Rav Kook didn’t agree with women’s suffrage? Other than the fact that women are clearly of inferior intellect and that voting is clearly an immodest exercise, too racy for a Daughter of Israel to engage in? (Chuckle chuckle.) I’m being tongue-in-cheek here, but would really like an answer if you found one.
I’ll have to check again (I’ve found two discussions of this topic: one was an Edah article that had a missing page; the second was a book on Rav Uziel by Rabbi Marc Angel which I merely skimmed; so I haven’t *really* read on this topic yet), but…
Rav Kook’s argument seems to be that (1) Biblically, women did not hold power, and (2) it is immodest.
Your tongue-in-cheek statement about raciness is I think *exactly* what Rav Kook held. Obviously, he never said women were of inferior intellect, or else his wife would have withheld dinner.
Rav Uziel seems to have responded that (1) It is not immodest for today’s women, and (2) In a democratic society, it is unfair for women to be governed by (wo?)men whom they had no role in electing.
The Edah article is at http://www.edah.org/backend/JournalArticle/1_2_debate.pdf, but unfortunately, if you watch the lower right-hand corner of the pages, you’ll see page 6 is missing, replaced by a duplicate of page 8.
At http://www.jofa.org/social.php/participatio/communallead, I see another article that is available only for-fee: “Gender, Halakhah, and Women’s Suffrage: Responsa of the First Three Chief Rabbis on the Public Role of Women in the Jewish State,” Ellenson, David Harry. Gender Issues in Jewish Law: Essays and Responsa, 2001, 58-81.
Michael: Thanks for the details. You mention in another comment (referring to Arabs as gerei toshav in Israel) that Athens, which didn’t allow women to vote was still democratic. I would call that a limited democracy from a gender-neutral point of view, but of course a feminist wouldn’t see it that way. I would hope that if women lived in Rav Kook’s ideal world, that they would not be taxed.
Thanks also for the links to articles. It’s always nice to read different perspectives.
Rabbi Reuven Hammer wrote an article in Ha’Aretz about the exhibition. Here is one link to a blog that features it:
http://rabbicreditor.blogspot.com/2009/04/rabbi-reuven-hammer-in-haaretz-body.html
Ilana-Davita: Thanks for that link. It was a great article and provided support and validation for my instinctual reaction to the exhibit.
Shimshonit,
One truly must admire Rabbi Uziel’s response. Rav Kook also said that extending suffrage to women would violate shalom bayit, due to familial squabbles over politics. Rabbi Uziel responds that (1) if so, grown sons living with their fathers should also be denied suffrage, (2) shalom bayit is no basis to deny women the right to choose who will represent them.
Rav Kook also said it is immodest, and I forget Rabbi Uziel’s exact response, but the gist was that Rabbi Uziel was not impressed in the least bit by this logic.
Realize that Rabbi Uziel was a traditional old-school Sephardi rabbi who died more than fifty years ago, without Ashkenazification and without a university degree. Rabbi Marc Angel has said that along with Rabbi Uziel’s student, Rabbi Hayim David Halevi (of Mekor Hayim fame, the standard Israeli halachic textbook), Rabbi Uziel was the last real true Sephardi rabbi. Rabbi Angel goes further, saying that Rabbi Halevy was THE greatest posek (posek period, NOT Sephardi posek) of his era, and Professor Zvi Zohar points out that Rabbi Angel is well learned in Rabbi Ovadia Yosef’s works.
The exhibition has just been forbidden in Paris.
Ilana-Davita: Really? What was the reason?
Lack of respect to the dead. Apparently the court said that science was just a pretext.
Ilana-Davita: The court is right, of course. I’m surprised (and impressed) that a situation like this gets to court in a Western democracy. I’m sure to some it looks like extreme government intervention or lack of freedom of expression, but I would hope a court would also rule that public puppy-drownings (you know, to see how long they live under water–that’s science!) would also be inappropriate. Thanks for sharing that information.
You’re welcome. If you can read French I can send you a link.
Ilana-Davita: I don’t read French but I know a few people in Efrat who do. I’ll be interested to see the link. Thank you.
Here it is:
http://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/2009/04/21/la-justice-interdit-l-exposition-our-body_1183328_0.html